The American Association of University Women (AAUW) offers fellowships for women, in all research areas, once they complete a bachelor's degree. They also have a fellowship for non-US citizens. Deadlines are in December.
http://www.aauw.org/education/fga/fellows_directory/index.cfm
American Fellowships: Support women doctoral candidates completing dissertations and scholars seeking funds for postdoctoral research leave or for preparing completed research for publication. Applicants must be U.S. citizens or permanent residents. One-year postdoctoral research leave fellowships, dissertation fellowships, and summer/short-term research publication grants are offered.
Career Development Grants: Support women who hold a bachelor's degree and who are preparing to advance their careers, change careers, or re-enter the work force. Applicants must be U.S. citizens or permanent residents.
Community Action Grants: Provides seed money to individual women, AAUW branches and AAUW state organizations, as well as local community-based nonprofit organizations for innovative programs or non-degree research projects that promote education and equity for women and girls. Applicants must be U.S. citizens or permanent residents.
International Fellowships: Awarded for full-time graduate or postgraduate study or research to women who are not U.S. citizens or permanent residents.
Selected Professions Fellowships: Awarded to women who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents and who intend to pursue a full-time course of study (during the fellowship year) in designated degree programs where women's participation traditionally has been low.
